Stereotypes Exist Because They Are Grounded in Truth

Stereotypes Exist Because They Are Grounded In Truth Has anyone ever said that ‘unicorns exist in real life and that they have seen them’? Or that they ‘felt hot while it was snowing’? Or that ‘cats can bark like dogs’? Clearly there is no truth to these statements. This is simply because unicorns do not exist in real life, you cannot feel hot if it is snowing, and that cats simply cannot bark like dogs. Life cannot exist without water, what goes up must come down, and similarly any statement which is accepted by thousands of other people must have some hint of truth to it.As Kanazawa says â€Å"Many stereotypes are empirical generalizations with a statistical basis and thus on average tends to be true. If they are not true, they would not be stereotypes† (â€Å"The Scientific Fundamentalist†). Although some people argue that stereotypes are just over generalizations, and that people use them to perceive the stereotyped groups†™ characteristics, most stereotypes are true as what is generally accepted in society must be somehow grounded in reality. Moreover, many stereotypes have been proven by science, and conducted psychological studies such as stereotype threat.People who believe that stereotypes are false, argue that stereotypes are just over generalizations. They argue that stereotypes represent just a small minority of the group being stereotyped against. They give the example of the stereotype that â€Å"all blondes are dumb. † And state that while some blondes may be dumb, not all of them are, in fact many are quite smart. They say that one's hair color has no effect on ones intellectual capability. While this may be true for some of the stereotypes, many of the stereotypes actually represent the majority of the group being stereotyped.For example the stereotype that ‘college educated people have bigger incomes than those who have only completed high school’ is a valid assessm ent. Yes, this might be true in some cases. But as proven by the â€Å"The College Payoff† a report published by the Georgetown University, while there might be a small handful of people who are only high school educated and who earn more than many of the college educated people, still most of the college educated people have a higher salary then high school educated people (Carnevale, Rose, and cheah â€Å"the college payoff†).So although there may be some stereotypes that are false or depict over generalization, most of the stereotypes in fact are based on assessments and actions of the majority of the group being stereotyped. Furthermore, people who argue that stereotypes are false state that people continue to cling on to stereotypes because it is quick and comfortable. It allows people to think they are gathering information about other people, without having to stop and actually spend time understanding the person or groups true personality. They claim that becau se of this many of the people or groups are misunderstood.However, what these people do not realize is that many of these stereotypes quite rightly show some of the traits of the group or individual being stereotyped. An example is the stereotype, ‘Jews are adept money handlers'. The fact is that this stereotype is true to quite a great extent. According to ‘The Weakonomics’, â€Å"you see an overwhelming representation of Jewish people within industries that revolve around the exchange of money†¦ Not only have they dominated finance†¦ † (â€Å"Why Do We Associate Jews with Money? †). While some of the Jews are either lawyers or doctors, most of them are in a field related to finance such as banking.In fact most of the people in top positions related to finance are Jews like the treasurer of the United States, and the Secretary of the Treasury. In fact most of the people running the American Treasury happen to be Jewish. Another example is the stereotype that Asians are smart and studious. Some people say Asians are smart because they are taught differently in their home country, others claim that Asians are smart because they are very studious, and still others say that Asians are studious because they feel academically at a loss when they come to foreign places to study and to compensate study harder.Whatever may be the reason, the truth remains that Asians are smarter and more studious than most of people. Thus, while some stereotypes might contain some discrepancies, most of the stereotypes show the truth about the group being stereotyped. Stereotypes do not just come out of thin air; they were based on actual observations of people or their actions. An event must have occurred to have that formed these stereotypes.For example according to Meltzoff, Cvencek and Greenwald, the stereotype that boys are better in math then girls forms almost as early as second grade when boys start to associate with math and start do ing better than girls in the subject (766-799). In fact all of the stereotypes have evolved from an origin. The stereotype that ‘blacks are good at sports’ came about because in almost every sport there is a black athlete who dominates the others. As sports sociologist Ben Carrington points out, at the beginning of the 20th century, whites were considered to be superior to blacks intellectually, aesthetically and even physically.However by the 1930s, this logic began to change as blacks started to be viewed as physically superior to whites in matters related to sports (Interview of Carrington, University of Texas). Another example is the stereotype that ‘Italian men are very romantic’. This stereotype exists because of the Italians' constant flirting with girls and their traditions which involve kissing a girl on her hand as a greeting. As Megalio says, Italian men â€Å"tell you that you're beautiful and really mean it, feed you to show their affection, c ry rarely but genuinely and work hard in honor of the woman they love† (â€Å"Why Women Can't Get Enough of Them†).Another example is the stereotype that ‘Italian men have an unhealthy obsession with their mothers. ‘ According to Pike and Allen; married or not, one in three Italian men sees his mother every day (The Guardian). Thus, stereotypes are formed based on history and statistics, but in order to survive they must be regularly reinforced. While there might be some stereotypes that do not apply to the majority of the group being stereotyped against, or are exaggerated truths, many of the stereotypes have in fact been proven by science.For example, according to Susan, quite a lot of gender stereotypes have been proven to be true by science (â€Å"Gender Stereotypes That Science Says Are True†). These stereotypes include ‘Women Love to Talk’ and ‘men are comparatively color blind’. As per the stereotype women love to talk , Susan talks about how the areas of the brain responsible for language are larger in women than men, and how the female brain processes language in both hemispheres of the brain (â€Å"Gender Stereotypes That Science Says Are True†).Moreover, regarding the stereotype ‘men are comparatively color blind', Susan talks about how the gene for seeing red is carried by the X-chromosome, and men have one X-chromosome while women have two, which puts men at a disadvantage at seeing the color spectrum (â€Å"Gender Stereotypes That Science Says Are True†). Another example is the stereotype that black people can't swim. In the first of its kind survey by USA swimming, it found that nearly 60% of black children have not been given aquatic training. (Quoted. in msnbc).Therefore, as we can see from the examples given, many stereotypes have actually been proven by science to be true and are hence more than just exaggerated truths. Lastly, another way in which stereotypes are t rue is the fact that they actually reinforce stereotypical behavior. This phenomenon is known as stereotype threat, whereby an individual is constantly exposed to negative images of his/her racial or ethnic group, this person starts to accept the same social and personal characteristics of these images as self characteristic.In fact psychologists, Steve and Aronson, conducted several experiments in which they proved that the phenomenon of stereotype threat does exist. When female participants were primed before a test of not being as smart as their male counterparts, their scores were significantly lower as compared to when the women were led to believe the tests did not reflect these stereotypes(â€Å"A threat in the air† 613-629). The same experiment was run again using African-Americans and Americans with the same results (â€Å"Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance† 797-811). Thus proving that the person acts like the way he/she was stereotyped to be.Stereotypes might be flattering or insulting. They might have positive effects or negative ones. But at the end of the day the fact remains that most of the stereotypes are true because they are grounded in actual observations of people, they have been proven by science, and because of the concept of stereotype threat. As David Cronenberg says â€Å"All stereotypes turn out to be true. This is a horrifying thing about life. All those things you fought against as a youth: you begin to realize they're stereotypes because they're true. † Therefore, just as smoke cannot exist without fire, stereotypes cannot exist without truth.Works Cited Kanazawa, Satoshi. â€Å"The Scientific Fundamentalist. † Psychology Today. 24 April 2008. Web. 12th March 2012 ;http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/the-scientific-fundamentalist/200804/all-stereotypes-are-true-except-i-what-are-stereotypes;. Carnevale, Anthony P.. Rose, Stephen J.. Cheah, Ban. â€Å"The College Payoff†. Geo rgetown University Center for Education and the Workforce. 5th August 2011. Print. ; http://cew. georgetown. edu/collegepayoff/; â€Å"Why Do We Associate Jews With Money? † The Weakonomics. 27th July 2009. Web. 12th march 2012 ; http://weakonomics. om/2009/07/27/why-do-we-associate-jews-with-money/ ; Cvencek, D. , Meltzoff, A. N. and Greenwald, A. G. (2011), â€Å"Math–Gender Stereotypes in Elementary School Children Child Development†, 82: 766–779. ;http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1467-8624. 2010. 01529. x/abstract; Blacks, Sports and Lingering Racial Stereotypes: A Q;A with Sports Sociologist Ben Carrington. Interview by University of Texas. 25th August 2010. Web. 12th march 2012. ;http://www. utexas. edu/opa/blogs/shelflife/2010/08/25/blacks-sports-and-lingering-racial-stereotypes-a-qa-with-sports-sociologist-ben-carrington/;Meglio, Francesca Di, â€Å"Italian Men: Why Women Can't Get Enough of Them†?. Our Paesani. Web. 12th ma rch 2012. Pike, Rebecca; Allen, Carmel. â€Å"Mamma mia†. The Guardian. 14th May 2002. Web. 12th March 2012. < http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/2002/may/14/gender. uk> H. Susan. â€Å"6 Absurd Gender Stereotypes (That Science Says Are True)†. 10th May 2010. Web. 12th March 2012. â€Å"Nearly 60 percent of black children can't swim†.Associated Press. Msnbc. 5th January 2008. Web. March 12th 2012. ;http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/24411271/ns/health-childrens_health/t/nearly-percent-black-children-cant-swim/#. T2CsyBHxrNl; Steele, C. M. â€Å"A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance†. American Psychologist. 1997. Print. 52, 613-629. Steele, C. M. , and Aronson, J. â€Å"Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African-Americans†. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1995. Print. 69, 797-811. Cronenberg, David. Brainy Quote. Web.

A popular play today Essay

J. B. Priestly’s 1945 play â€Å"An Inspector calls† is still a success today. A new production of it has opened in the West-end, a sure-sign of its popularity and the play’s success rate. Why is it still doing so well? A main theme of the play centres on the idea of different classes in society, something that has been evident to us all throughout history, and is therefore a very accessible theme for many people. This important theme is highlighted right at the beginning of the play when it is clear that Gerald Croft’s parents don’t entirely approve of his choice to marry Sheila Birling: â€Å"I have an idea that your mother – while she doesn’t object to my girl – feels you might have done better for yourself socially† When Gerald’s parents are brought up in conversation, also at the beginning, we hear the probable excuse for their absence: â€Å"It’s a pity Sir George croft and Lady Croft can’t be with us, but they’re abroad and so it can’t be helped† The difference in class between the Crofts and the Birlings can even be observed in the way Gerald speaks compared to how Mr. Birling speaks. Gerald seems to speak in a more upper-class way than Birling. For instance Gerald says things like â€Å"Oh – I say† and â€Å"Hear, hear! † and his speech is more educated and precise than Birling’s, whose speech is more relaxed. For instance Birling says things like â€Å"y’know eh? † and throughout the play Birling abbreviates words such as â€Å"them† to â€Å"’em â€Å", subtly suggesting a less-educated and precise character. This non-extreme conflict of class observed in the opening sets the scene for the whole play and by being subtle it achieves effect, by gently introducing the key element of the plot ahead early on without overshadowing events to come. This sub-consciously familiarises the audience with the main theme making what’s to come more affective and powerful. When the inspector tells of the girl’s suicide he presents it in a blunt, direct manner. This obviously affects and shocks the characters but also it has profound importance in capturing the audience’s attention. â€Å"This afternoon a young woman drank some disinfectant, and died, after several hours of agony, tonight, in the Infirmary† As soon as the inspector states this intensely dramatic line – made more dramatic by the position of the commas that add pauses, resulting in emphasis – the whole mood changes from the happy, family party atmosphere to a curiously uncomfortable and somewhat concerning mood. We have had the background and now the drama begins, still relatively early in the play, which is important as the attention of the audience has been captured relatively early in the plot. From this point on, the audience is continually wondering what the outcome is going to be. The play becomes a thriller – another way of maintaining intense interest and a significant part of the play’s success. Aside from the ‘Class’ and ‘Thriller’ aspects of the play, we also have a theme of revelation. The family are continually learning about each other and emphasis is places on appearance and reality. We witness a transition of a happy family turning into a family full of secrets and lies, adding intense drama that will keep an audience interested.

Financial And Accounting Challenges Faced By Businesses From Emerging Research Proposal

Financial And Accounting Challenges Faced By Businesses From Emerging Markets In Meeting International Accounting Standards. Companies In Azerbaijan - Research Proposal Example Countries like South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand etc were among the first to adopt IFRS. The countries of The European Union (EU) are now required to follow IFRS. Emerging economies like China, Azerbaijan etc. adopted IFRS. China had given January 2007 as deadline for implementing IFRS. Gradually all the countries in the world will adopt the financial reporting standard. USA and Canada are also getting prepared for the adoption (Barry and Jermakowicz, 2010, pp.1-2). Many businesses which are not required to adopt IFRS and are not publicly held are still implementing IFRS in their accounting. This is because a common standard of accounting followed all over the world will facilitate free flow of capital. If an investor of UAS, for example, wants to invest in a company in China he will need to examine the financial statement of the company. If the company prepares its financial statement using same methods as that is followed in the investor’s country it will be easier fo r the investor to understand the financial position of the company. Therefore using an international standard like IFRS for preparing financial statements will win investors confidence (Barry and Jermakowicz, 2010, pp. 2). However adoption of IFRS is not totally hassle free. Companies going through the transition from old methods to IFRS specified methods face many challenges. It will be seen later in this work that there are many challenges which an entity face in adopting a new standard of accounting and financial report preparation. Emerging economies like China nd Azerbaijan have also implemented IFRS partially of wholly. But companies of these countries have faced or still facing problems caused by the transition from old system to the new system. The government of Azerbaijan had given a deadline of January 2008 to its Public Interest Entities for implementing IFRS in their accounting. The small enterprises of the country required to implement National Accounting Standard, whic h is formulated based on the principles of IFRS, before January 2006 (Republic of Azerbaijan Accounting Law, 2004 Article 8,9,10 and 17). Therefore, to find out the challenges faced by businesses in emerging economies, studies on companies in Azerbaijan will be helpful. There are many companies in Azerbaijan which already have converted to new system, but there are still some companies which are yet to implement the new standard. This makes the country an interesting place for this study. Preliminary Review of the Literature: In the conversion process from old accounting system to the new accounting system in Azerbaijan, different parties related to accounting, auditing and reporting face some problems. A report prepared by Yev (2009) has discussed these problems in details. The cost involved in adopting IFRS or IAS or the NAS in accounting is considerable one. Companies must bear the cost of training of their accounting personnel. The introduction of the IFRS in the accounting syst em could result in change in the financial position of the company. The financial position of a company determined by following the previous accounting system and the financial position determined by the new accounting system might differ as a result of change in procedures, roles and obligations. This will result in volatility and difficulties in decision making. The complex nature of IFRS standard could be a problem too. Another problem that accounting personnel face is: the new standard demand change in thinking. The new reporting is not just about bookkeeping and reporting; it involves thinking and judgments of the accountants. Companies have to do a separate accounting for tax accounting because IFRS or IAS and tax rule follow

Human Resources Strategy in Multi Unit Service Organisations Assignment

Human Resources Strategy in Multi Unit Service Organisations - Assignment Example According to the research findings the hospitality industry mostly comprised of small and medium organisations, often administered by the owners. It provided series of suitable services and attractions within local range. However, with respect to global perspective, the appreciation of customers and corporate effectiveness of hospitality industry started to transform during 1950s with the growth of large scale groups or hospitality chains. These hospitality chains are devoted to the long-standing business plan to global expansion, demonstrated by the numerous brands. These expansions have predictable outcomes for the organisational structure as the hospitality businesses are becoming increasingly large, multi-site corporations, regulating business operations and manipulating the supply chain from central production to arranged service distribution systems. This structural transformation resulted in a rising hierarchy of management in order to control complex network, including the se lection of multi-unit managers. In present times, the hospitality sector is ruled by global brands and chains. The succeeding development of managerial structures and arrangements has been characterised by a prerequisite of ‘middle management layers’ with respect to multi-unit managers. Such managers create the level of direction instantly upon division managers and are vital interface between the divisions and the strategic hierarchy of the administration. (D'Annunzio-Green & et. al., 2004). Purpose of the Study The report is intended to gain an understanding of the role of multi-unit manager in one of the biggest hospitality chains named Westin Grand Hotel. The investigation is focused on obtaining information from the employees including role of multi-unit managers, selection, training, remuneration, business and other conversion matters in Westin Grand Hotel of Munich. It also identifies the human resource strategies designed by Westin Grand Hotel for business opera tions. The purpose of this report is to recognise the importance of multi-unit managers in service organisations and understand their job roles and significance. Human Resource Strategy in Hospitality Organisations Traditionally, human resource was more suitably named as â€Å"personnel†. In this role, professionals are liable for recruiting, employing, compensating, program planning, negotiating, and managing collective bargaining settlements, strategy development, workers record keeping and serving as a channel for employee opinions and concerns. Role of human resource experts are expanded to include communications, training, safety, employee relations and recognition and reward programs (Rutherford & O’Fallon, 2007). Human resource strategy in hospitality organisation is directorial in nature. A nationwide tendency in human resource is to shift from directorial role to the combination of human resource in strategic planning. This drive was supported by growth of hum an capital or human asset in a company. Human assets can be described as talent, judgement and cleverness of organisation’s employees. In large hotel chains, human assets are regarded as one of the three constituents of organisations which include intellectual assets, customers and operational assets. The measurement of human resource strategy as competence can be identified as improvement in systems, intellectuality, dexterity, performance, assertiveness and enthusiasm (Boella & Goss-Turner, 2005). According to a

Formative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Formative - Essay Example For all these reasons, television is a good source of health information. There has been a remarkable reduction in diseases and an overarching improvement in the living standards of people all over the world in general and in the advanced countries in particular ever since the introduction of television in the society. â€Å"Among the nations that receive the greatest amounts of international assistance in health, education, child rights, ecology and the environment, many now contain 20 to 40 million or more individuals who regularly see TV† (Palmer). Television has helped raise awareness about behaviors and practices that are unhygienic. The programs, television shows, and documentaries shown on television not only educate people on the factors causing diseases, but also create awareness about the measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of contracting diseases. Television has promoted health information on a variety of levels. People are educated not only through shows and documentaries, but also the ads supporting those shows create a wealth of information for the audience. Even a milk ad starts with how bones need calcium, how bones lose strength with age, and what nutrients are essential for the bones to maintain their density and strength as one ages. Then the ad suggests the consumption of milk of a certain brand because it contains those essential minerals and nutrients that bones need. Many ads also refer to reliable research results in an attempt to support their claims. Some of the best sources of health information are exercise and yoga practices that are described in the television shows. People can follow the trainers without having to pay them or leave their homes to join a training center. This makes it very convenient as well as cost-effective for them to do exercise daily. Such shows have a huge impact on the audiences’ perceptions of health and fitness because they can see

Of your choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Of your choice - Essay Example In quota sampling, the researcher selects the respondents in a survey on the basis of some specified characteristics, which in this case is being a high school student (Rubin & Babbie, 2010). The survey questionnaire is shown as Appendix 1. Based on the first part of the questionnaire, two thirds of the respondents are male and the remaining one third are females. Majority of the respondents are 18 years old (8 out of 30 or 26.67%). The 16 and 19-year-olds make up the two smallest group at 6.67% each. The 14 and 17-year-olds each comprise 23.33% of the respondents, while the 15-year-olds account for 13.33%. Sixteen respondents or 53.33% are enrolled in public high schools, while the remaining 14 or 46.67% study in private schools. Nine or 30% of the students are sophomores, 8 or 26.67% are juniors, 7 or 23.33% are freshmen and 6 or 20% are seniors. Nine out of every 10 students (27 out of 30 or 90%) are aware of what plagiarism is, while the rest reported that they do not understand the term plagiarism. Exactly one third of the students admitted that they always commit acts of plagiarism, while one quarter of the students confessed that they plagiarize frequently. Nine out of 30 (30%) students pleaded guilty of plagiarizing only seldomly, whereas 5 (16.67%) stated that they have never committed plagiarism in connection with school work.

Frustration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Frustration - Essay Example The discussion in this paper is intended to be inclined to the case AS v Wijsmuller BV (The Super Servant Two), [1989] EWCA Civ 6, [1990]. The doctrine of Frustration under the contract law intends to reveal a number of propositions contextualized in the case AS v Wijsmuller BV. Some of these propositions include evolving to ease the rigor of the common law’s avowal on factual performance of unlimited promises, outcome of frustration to end the contract and an event must occur without a liability on the side of the party seeking to depend on it2. The Purpose of this paper is to analyze the statement â€Å"Since the consequence of frustration is to eradicate the contract and eject the parties from supplementary burden under it, the doctrine is not to be unconscientiously invoked, but must be kept inside much contracted limits and ought not to be unmitigated†. The discussion in this paper is intended to be inclined to the case AS v Wijsmuller BV The doctrine of frustratio n exhibits complexity when determining the cases in this context3. Some of the examples of frustration include destruction of the specific object, which is fundamental for execution of the contract, personal incapability, and non-occurrence of a particular event, state interference, delay and supervening illegality4. For the case of the AS v Wijsmuller BV (The Super Servant Two), [1989] EWCA Civ 6, [1990], the aspect of frustration is inclined to personal incapability, destruction of the specific object and supervening an illegality5. This case remains one of the landmark rulings in the history of contract law practice. The aspect of liability when considering the frustration doctrine creates a concern of narrow limits because of numerous reasons. For instance, the express provision for frustration is limited to the scope of not superseding over the express contractual provision for the exasperating occurrence. In fact, it becomes difficult to ascertain the extent of a frustrating e vent, particularly when its occurrence is inclined to the self-inducement and foreseeability of the event6. In essence, the narrow limits of the frustrating events should be a fundamental consideration in the endeavor to minimize the extent of frustration effects. This study reveals that the effects of contract frustration can only remain relevant if the doctrine is applicable. The aspect of causation forms the epicenter of argument in this case. It is notable that, the contract undergoes frustration when Wijsmuller submitted a fortnight later that, the contact could not be performed. The question of causation is evident and any judge would consider a case in which a seller is in a position to aver the defense of a clause, which defends him in situations where fulfillment is stalled by the exempt threat7. The consequent delivery of his accessible stock to other clientele will not be considered as autonomous cause of inadequacy, as long as when making such delivery the seller acted i n a reasonable manner in all situations of the case. This consideration should be kept within narrow limits to avoid unwarranted liability. Considering that, Dan King contract had been accorded carriage by Super Servant Two without a substitute and in the event that, the vessel had been lost before the time of carriage, then with ultimate assumption of non- negligence by Wijsmuller, it is probable that, the con

POLICE DRONES AND CIVIL LIBERTIES Research Paper

POLICE DRONES AND CIVIL LIBERTIES - Research Paper Example The use of police drones is for ensuring that the civil liberties of the individual are not violated. However in some countries, most of the police drones are used during training practices as part of pilot program. In countries like the United States aerial drones are used in law enforcement in domestic capacity. The department of Defense in the United States has argued that war in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iraq has been changed by the use of the drone technology. The Use of Police Drone and Its Effect on Civil Liberty In Britain the police department has developed plans for using the drones in monitoring road services. This involves monitoring speed of vehicles, traffic jam, and even vehicle theft among others. Through this police can keep track of civilians who violate the driver regulations. It is used for collecting road data for traffic police making work more efficient. They are also used in supervising public events such as presidential conference. In most of the developed co untries, the police drones are used in monitoring the behavior of individuals in a public gathering to ensure security. According to Solan, Tiersma and Conley (2005), this has been an important activity as protects individuals’ freedom of movement without fear. The police are also able to keep track of events in a public gathering even from far thus maintaining peace. Police drones are used in covert urban surveillance. This facilitates effective maintenance of security in urban areas where cases of insecurity are many. Since the drone is remote controlled it can be relocated in dangerous places without fear of losing an individuals life through attacks. It allows police officers to record the public activities with high-resolution without having to move for their security according to Gill and Phythian (2006). These activities include criminal acts and attacks by enemies. Police agency uses the drone in gathering information about dangerous pales for the officers. It has bee n applied mostly by the United States army when attacking countries like Iraq and Pakistan. The police have claimed to use the drone in surveillance of maritime activities. Here the drone is used for detecting immigrants from foreign countries, shipping activities such as smuggling of drugs. Due to their increased pervasive surveillance citizens are questioning the machine’s importance in watching over their lives. Police Drone Surveillance and Civil Liberty The police drones have been used by countries like the United States in its attacks. Such transformative technology in war has always resulted to adverse ethical implications on civil liberty. The increased use of the drones in war combined with ineffective accountability is an indicator of normalization of previous unfair policing levels and abuse of office by police officers. As suggested by Drake (2010), this is because their activities can also be monitored by their officers using the drones. For instance, Pennsylivia governor had to apologize after it was revealed that there was spying of pro-immigrant activists and antiwar and environmentalists against drilling of natural gas. Drone surveillance has been applied on American soils following the heavy profits, public demand and technology. With the urgent need for Federal Aviation Administration to open regulations, the

The Political Theory of Alexander Hamilton and Its Reflection in American Political System Essay Example for Free

The Political Theory of Alexander Hamilton and Its Reflection in American Political System Essay Alexander Hamilton was one of those political thinkers whose theory shaped the political profile of the young American nation. A theoretician of republicanism, author of about a half of the Federalist papers, signatory of the Constitution, friend of Washington and somehow an aristocratic idealist, Hamilton left a legacy, which continues to influence America until now. This legacy can be found in Hamilton’s works on political philosophy and state building. In turn, these works were written not only by a Founding Father, but by a man, thus every piece of Hamilton’s political writing is deeply personal, reflecting not only abstract mediations, but practical experience. In this paper, I will attempt to analyze certain Hamilton’s ideas to prove that his theory had a strong relation to drafting, adoption, application and interpretation of the basic American constitutional instruments. In this theory, Hamilton managed to reconcile such controversial matters as liberalism, aristocratism, democratic values and political centralism. This complex theory became a practice of American government and American people. Accordingly, America is still affected by Hamilton’s individual reflections, insights and mistakes. Review of Literature on the Subject Hamilton’s personality and Hamilton’s political views have attracted scholars ever since 1800-s, this, for the purposes of this paper I will review only certain landmark works presenting various approaches to the subject. An example of Hamilton’s comprehensive biography is â€Å"Alexander Hamilton† (2004) by Ron Chernow. This book presents a classical view of Hamilton as a national hero and a founding father. Another classical approach is demonstrated in â€Å"Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government† (1970) by Gerald Stourzh. The book offers an image of Hamilton as a patriot of the Republic and influential theoretic of centralized government. Another approach to research on Hamilton’s heritage is presented in classical â€Å"Alexander Hamilton† by Henry Jones Ford first published in 1900. The book presents Hamilton as occasional figure torn by inner controversies, admirer of Britain and a latent monarchist. A contemporary view of a famous conflict inside the federalist movement, including conflict between Hamilton and Jefferson is available in â€Å"Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: A Study in Character† (2000) by Roger G. Kennedy. Hamilton’s view of human nature Even the most perfect political system would not work in case it contradicts human nature. A government and a people consists of individuals sharing all virtues and weaknesses peculiar to human species. Thus, Hamilton’s starting point was understanding of human nature, including nature of those men who are vested with authority. As put by Hamilton himself, principles of human nature â€Å"are as infallible as any mathematical calculations† (Stourzh 76). Rosano argues that Hamilton’s â€Å"predominately and radically liberal conception of human nature is based on Locke’s concept of liberty, Hobbes’s concept of power, and Machiavelli’s concept of the â€Å"effectual truth. † (Rosano 61). This rather tricky combination was a result of Hamilton’s controversial views formed by demonstrative superficial idealism and deep inner skepticism. This controversy, probably, has never been resolved by Hamilton himself. His nature was profoundly aristocratic, what he proved by his duel with Burr. Hamilton chose to die as a nobleman in spite of submitting a dispute for judicial consideration as a profound democrat would do. On the other hand, Hamilton admired the ideas of European Enlightenment with their call to democracy and self-government. Perhaps, Hamilton would be happy to see a free community of noble individuals without vices; however, he realized that such vision is practically impossible. This antilogy made Hamilton skeptical about human nature itself. He pessimistically noted that, â€Å"A vast majority of mankind is entirely biased by motives of self-interest† (Stourzh 78). Later Hamilton claimed such views openly when he wrote of â€Å"deductions for the ordinary depravity of human nature† (Federalist No 78). These Hamilton’s position corresponds to Hobbes’s concept of corrupted human nature which has to be oppressed by the government in order to preserve peace and stability (Stourzh 73). Surprisingly, Hamilton simultaneously managed to admire the theory of Hobbes’s eternal opponent Locke, who worshiped the natural state of man as a supreme value. To what extent has Hobbes advocated power, to the same extent had Locke strived for recognition of human rights. Hamilton shared the ideas of the latter when he wrote: â€Å"The sacred rights of mankind are not to be rummaged for among old parchments or musty records. They are written, as with a sunbeam, in the whole volume of human nature, by the hand of the divinity itself; and can never be erased or obscured by mortal power† (Stourzh 14). According to Hamilton, implications like love, liberty, desire of happiness, and public good are deeply rooted in every heart (Rosano, 63). This makes a contrast to his early writings of human corruption. It appears that Hamilton suffered from mismatch between that what he wanted to see and that what he actually saw. This should be taken into account when analyzing Hamilton’s political heritage. For him the government was an instrument for bettering human nature and prevention of its corrupted manifestations. Deep understanding of Hamilton’s political theory is impossible without consideration of this peculiarity. Hamilton’s Political Theory Theoretical views on politics shared by Hamilton are best reflected in the Federalist papers, about a half of which were authored by Hamilton personally. Seemingly, there is no crucial issue which Hamilton would not touch, yet his primary concerns were necessity of Consitution, separation of authority between the federal government and the states, powers of the central government, as well as issues concerning national bank, national debt, national armed forces and navy. Hamilton venerates the people as a source of national will, yet this will has to be presented by someone, and this â€Å"someone† is likely to be corrupted. Hamilton’s response was a system of direct ties between the people and the central government, which would not be interrupted by intermediaries in the person of local authorities. In his letter to governor Morris Hamilton wrote: â€Å"it has ever appeared to me as sound principle to let the federal government rest, as much as possible, on the shoulders of the people, and as little as possible on those of the State Legislatures† (Chernow 774). This view caused Kapstein to assert that â€Å"No other American statesman has personified national power and the rule of the favored few so well as Hamilton† (Kapstein 36). And indeed, in his most influential theoretical work reflected in the Federalist papers Hamilton speaks as an advocate of a stronger union between states which is likely to secure rights of the people inside this state. According to his idea, a slimsy confederation of half-independent states is likely to sink in inner conflicts, thus making the rights of the people insecure and the entire union vulnerable to foreign invasions. To justify this view Hamilton once more referred to the corrupted human nature by observing that â€Å"to presume a want of motives for such contests as an argument against their existence, would be to forget that men are ambitious, vindictive, and rapacious† (Federalist No 6). Envy, national conflicts, territorial disputes, apportionment of national debt, senseless scholastic debates, disputes upon private contracts: all this, According to Hamilton, is likely to ruin a Union (Federalist No 7). Thus, the Confederation appeared to be insufficient to preserve the union. Powers of states had to be strongly limited for the common good. Central government could impose such limitations only. Hamilton’s idea of the central government is quite authoritarian, causing allegations of monarchism and betrayal of ideals of freedom. Hamilton’s views on this subject were strongly affected by his personal experience during the Revolutionary war. The work of a procurement officer performed by Hamilton during the war was not heroic but very necessary. During this period Hamilton desperately fought against Congress’s foot dragging in every matter of supplying the army (Kennedy 36). This pretty logical idea has been reflected in the Constitution and the American Bill of Rights, although there are at least two basic problems with it. Firstly, elimination of state authorities with aim to reduce the influence of human corrupted nature is a two-edged sword. The problem is simply raised from the state level to the federal level. A federal government controlled by unworthy people was probably Hamilton’s nightmare, especially in a situation when the states have no considerable opportunities to oppose the corrupted central government. The second problem is in delegation of powers. Mutual consent may be a good theory; however, it is never practically achievable. Thus, there exists a notable problem of defining those powers which have to be delegated to the central government and which should not. One more criticism of Hamilton’s theory came from his opponents like Jefferson. A strong central power will have a strong army and police to enforce its decisions and protect the union. These institutions are likely to be used by the central government to expand its powers against defenseless states (Stourzh 198). As regards matters of finance and taxation Hamilton, surely, advocated centralized taxation and centralized banking system based on national debt. According to Hamilton, this would enable to centralize and effectively apply the resources of a nation (Federalist No 30). Yet this idea, as understood by Hamilton himself, would bring about the issue of inequality, since those who borrow assets to the central government would tower over the rest of the people (Kapstein 37). Some response was provided by Hamilton when he wrote that â€Å"The loans it might be able to procure would be as limited in their extent as burdensome in their conditions. They would be made upon the same principles that usurers commonly lend to bankrupt and fraudulent debtors, with a sparing hand and at enormous premiums† (Federalist No 30), however, it appears that Hamilton simply tried to escape the problem. As a Secretary of the Treasury, he obviously realized the need for centralization of assets through banking and taxations system, however, as a freedom idealist, he could not have avoided the view of national indebtedness as a burden imposed on every free person. Current situation with national debt demonstrates that Hamilton simply chose the bad from between bad and worse. Centralized financial and taxation system did enable to preserve the Union in hard times, however, currently America faces the negative consequences of such preservation. This is Hamilton’s theory where the roots of the present situation are found. In his conclusive remarks to the Federalist Papers Hamilton notes that â€Å"there would appear still to remain for discussion two points: the analogy of the proposed government to your own State constitution, and the additional security which its adoption will afford to republican government, to liberty, and to property. But these heads have been so fully anticipated†¦that it would now scarcely be possible to do anything more than repeat† (Federalist No 85). However, American national history proves that these crucial issues were far from explained both in the time of Hamilton and in the following decades. Hamilton has not offered a universal solution; he simply suggested one of the possible models which, as any models, had its strong and weak points. Perhaps the USA survived thanks to these strong points. However, this does not mean that the weak points never revealed themselves. Practical Application of Hamilton’s Theory The most notable practical application of Hamilton’s political teaching is the Constitution of the United States of America, whose most furious advocate Hamilton was. The Constitution follows a model for division of powers proposed by Hamilton, including a single legislative body consisting of representatives of the people, a unified executive system, unified judiciary. Exclusive right of the central power to solve the issues of taxation and public debt. In accordance with Hamilton’s idea, the Congress has a militia under its command. Thus, Hamilton’s political model was eventually reflected in the organic law of America. Application of this organic law appeared to be more complicated. Not less important than the adoption of the Constitution were sharp debates about its application in the late 18th and early 19th century. Perhaps the most controversial issue around these debates was Hamilton’s doctrine of implied powers, contrasting Jefferson’s idea of strict interpretation of the Constitution (Kapstein 37). The doctrine of implied powers began to flourish already after Hamilton’s death in the judgments of John Marshall, Hamilton’s confederate, who served as Chief Justice. Centralization of American government was completed after several rulings rendered by Marshall in such landmark cases as Marbury vs. Madison (1804) and McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and Cohens v. Virginia (1821). At that, the Constitution shaped by Hamilton was used as a mighty tool for centralization. In Marbury vs. Madison Marshall determined that the judicial power of the United States is extended to all cases arising under the Constitution. To support this Marshall created a pretty logical construction pointing out that as long as the Constitution is a supreme law, the Supreme Court is empowered to review all cases where the Constitution is concerned. This was the first application of Hamiltons implied powers doctrine, but far not the last. Another direct reference to the doctrine was the Supreme Court judgment in McCulloch v. Maryland, where Chief Justice Marshall put a period to application of Hamilton’s idea of centralized power and centralized banking. By determining that the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitutions express powers, in order to create a functional national government and that the State action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government (Smith, 89) the Supreme Court made the states entirely dependent on the central government in every matter related to the Constitution. Deserves noting that by referring to implied powers Marshall laid grounds not only for application of Hamilton’s political heritage, but for subsequent violations of Constitutional rights. Thus, just few years after Marshall’s death, his theory proved to be a double-edged sword. Conclusions Rosano fatefully observes that Americans are happy and â€Å"the founders are celebrated because they had the chance to prove their virtue; they were virtuous because they loved liberty and the public good as well as fame† (Rosano 72). This passage is very much applicable to Hamilton. A revolutionary hero and a prominent author, he presents a perfect set of virtues admired in America. It is hard to find another figure which would be so momentous for America as Hamilton was, perhaps with exception only for Washington. However, being a momentous figure, Hamilton gave America not only liberty and virtues, but a sense of helplessness against central government, as well as long-lasting problems such as national debt. The controversies of Hamilton’s theory made American political system controversial. Numerous attempts to fix this by subsequent amendments and court decisions prove that Hamilton’s model is viable, but far from ideal.

Article on Discipline Essay Example for Free

Article on Discipline Essay Discipline is not only necessary but also vital for any civilized society, as a matter of fact, discipline and Nature are synonymous with each other and whenever anything happens, which defies or interrupts the usual in Nature, it becomes a calamity, and similarly life without discipline can become chaotic. The term ‘discipline’ means any training intended to develop moral character or produce a particular pattern of behavior accepted by afferent institutions and society. Discipline is a way of life. It is vital in happing one’s personality. According to one school of thought, there are here forms of discipline i.e. expressionistic, impressionistic and self- discipline. If-discipline is usually considered to be the best form of discipline here in the term ‘discipline’ instead of standing as a rigid code of conduct obi strictly adhered to, denotes a process of normal growth and learning, of ways to monitor oneself. Self discipline is directly related to the concept of freedom and motivation. If a child is motivated and given the freedom to choose, discipline becomes a natural way of life. In modern times, discipline is misunderstood and misinterpreted by some students as rigid and fixed set of rules enforced by others and to be followed without any questions being asked. They feel it is encroachment of their freedom and rights. Discipline is not a term which is limited to institutions like schools and colleges only. Neither is it a weapon or tool in the hands of adults to control the younger generation or in other words seeking unquestionable compliance. Discipline is neither suppression nor a means to assert one’s authority rather it is intrinsic motivation in a person to control oneself, one’s emotion, and desires and live in a uniform and orderly manner. That everything in this universe has to follow certain rules, the Sun rises in the East’ and sets in the West, come what may, the cycle of seasons also follows a pattern, Night follows, dusk which follows day and dawn, thus, we humans are also governed by rules and following the same is another term for discipline. In schools, discipline can be exercised through the medium of morning assembly, time table, uniform, break, activities, various competitions and talk shows. An example of discipline is also the happening of activities in t he school premises in a particular order, right from promptness in reaching the school, wearing the prescribed uniform, abiding with the school rules, attending classes etc.  etc. When one learns to conform to a particular set of rules he understands the importance and need to follow a particular pattern in life and how veering away from them can make life difficult and confusing, All successful people understand the importance of discipline in their lives and enjoy the fruits of success. An undisciplined person is prone to temptations and can easily fall prey to a lifestyle which could lead to his failure and doom. Discipline, thus! is inevitable as it gives direction to live life in a harmonious, and orderly way.

Apple Competitive Advantage Case Study

Apple Competitive Advantage Case Study A competitive advantage is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value, either by means of lower prices or by providing greater benefits and service that justifies higher prices(Porter 1980:26 ). In this case, Apple Inc has a net advantageÂÂ  over its competitors such as Blackberry, Google Android, Palm pre and HTC.ÂÂ  Their success lies in its competitive advantages includingÂÂ  the firmsÂÂ  cost structure, product offerings and customer service. Furthermore, Apple are able to differentiate themselves from its competitors and have been able to gain successful customer satisfaction, in the same way they can charged a premium price. But using its competitive advantage does not mean that the company should ignore other competitors, simply because the trend of technology continuously keeps progressing with new products and innovations. Product differentiation Apple products are significantly costly, they targeted a certain segment of the market by producing high quality products which are potentially durable and unique for example the iPhone range and newly launched iPad in 2010. Businessweek investigated that apple are planning to cut the price of their computers considerably low and far more affordable to all individuals, the iMac and MacBook laptops were designed for the purpose of multimedia, most media companies uses the apple products to run their businesses as apple provide loads of incentives from its software Mac OSX. Aggressive competitions from Microsoft with windows 7 multi-media may have lead Apple to reduce their prices to gain market-share. (Businessweek.com, 2010) Core Competencies and Growth Strategy Apple`s customer orientation is to introduce the iPhone series and recently the iPad. Both devices are made at high specifications, enabling users and businesses to access their data easily and efficiently. It was reported that these high tech devices were faster than any others products in the market. The products are unique at this stage as Apple are reputably known as innovators (Macworld.com, 2010). Following this trend, Apple company structure has always been an example. They are often known as re-designing or re-structuring their organisation for instance hiring new employees of high competencies such Mark Papermaster from the IBM Company who joined Apple in 2009 (Networkworld.com, 2010). Apple value chain has also been analyzed as effective, Crompton (2010) retrieved that Apple has reworked their value chain to create manufacturing, which improved the quality of its product in the end of the 1990`s. Their production plants are outsourced from china in which they have exclusive relationship with suppliers and chip-set manufacturing companies such as Foxconn Limited from China (Businessweek.com, 2010). Apple marketing strategy is planned on a geographical segmentation; in the UK for example they have subsequently sub-contracted their products to network providers such as O2, Vodaphone, Orange and Three networks. These telecommunication mobile providers offer amazing discounts on pay as you go and sometimes delivering free iPhones to customers with a contract on a pay monthly basis. Secondly Apple has a massive advertising campaign on private TV Cable and Newspapers (The Guardian UK, 2010). On the other hand, Apple`s activity and main core competencies comes with its RD. According to Datamonitor (2010) the company believed an investment in RD (Research and Development) should keep them at competitive advantage within the industry (Datamonitor, 2010). In brief, in order to maintain and acquire its position in the market, the Apple Company has developed its o nline support in delivering updates in its software applications also known as (Appstore) accessible via iTunes for example updates on its operating systems and useful applications to home users and businesses. (Datamonitor, 2010) Growth Matrix Steve Jobs commented recently on the launch of the iPhone 4 and quoted It was a phenomenal quarter that exceeded our expectations all around, including the most successful product launch in Apples history with iPhone 4. The iPad progressed slowly onto the market with more people buying Machinstosh than ever before, and amazing new products still to come this year (Apple.com/investor, 2010). With such confidence, the company has reassured their position into the market, their new device iPad which has made remarkable total sales of $3.27 million (Apple.com/investor, 2010). Accordingly the iPad would fit clearly as star product in the BCG matrix for the moment as it is hard to imitate. On the other hand the iPhone4 launched in the beginning of 2010 has also made considerable sales on its launch with a figure of 1.7millions units sold worldwide on the 26th June 2010 according to Reuters (2010). Despite of its high sales, the iPhone4 could be positioned as being a question mark product i n the BCG matrix because after the launch of the product in June 2010, some complaints were perceived from customers and professional technicians stating that the product is built as faulty; that is a lack of reception for incoming and outgoing calls which could result a decline in sales worldwide in which buyers will have the tendency to look for other alternative Smartphones such as Google Android or Palm Pre. To compensate its customers, Steve Jobs the CEO has proclaimed that he will be giving free cases to all Iphone4 owners (FT.com, 2010). Some Apple products have been discontinued such as iBook G3 which can be classified as Dogs in the BCG matrix, the product has came to an end in 2006 (Apple.com/support, 2010). Other products called such as the iPod classic music player can be positioned as a cash cow under the BCG matrix as they are known as mature in the market, the iPods series have been released in 2005 and has now a slow growth in the market due to competition from other companies such as Sony producing Mp3 players and Microsoft with its Zune Mp3 Players (Apple.com/hotnews, 2007). Apple has emphasized on product diversification from its iPod classic to iPod Touch which relatively stands within its market share for the time being.

Advertising :: Business and Management Studies

Advertising History of Nestle: Nestlà © with headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlà © and is today the world's biggest food and beverage company. 1866 -1905 In the 1860s Henri Nestlà ©, a pharmacist, developed a food for babies who were unable to breastfeed. His first success was a premature infant who could not tolerate his mother's milk or any of the usual substitutes. People quickly recognized the value of the new product, after Nestlà ©'s new formula saved the child's life, and soon, Farine Lactà ©e Henri Nestlà © was being sold in much of Europe. 1905-1918 In 1905 Nestlà © merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. By the early 1900s, the company was operating factories in the United States, Britain, Germany and Spain. World War I created new demand for dairy products in the form of government contracts. By the end of the war, Nestlà ©'s production had more than doubled. 1918 -1938 After the war Government contracts dried up and consumers switched back to fresh milk. However, Nestlà ©'s management responded quickly, streamlining operations and reducing debt. The 1920s saw Nestlà ©'s first expansion into new products, with chocolate the Company's second most important activity 1938 -1944 Nestlà © felt the effects of World War II immediately. Profits dropped from $20 million in 1938 to $6 million in 1939. Factories were established in developing countries, particularly Latin America. Ironically, the war helped with the introduction of the Company's newest product, Nescafà ©, which was a staple drink of the US military. Nestlà ©'s production and sales rose in the wartime economy. 1944 -1975 The end of World War II was the beginning of a dynamic phase for Nestlà ©. Growth accelerated and companies were acquired. In 1947 came the merger with Maggi seasonings and soups. Crosse & Blackwell followed in 1950, as did Findus (1963), Libby's (1971) and Stouffer's (1973). Diversification came with a shareholding in L’Oreal in 1974. 1975 -1981 Nestlà ©'s growth in the developing world partially offset a slowdown in the Company's traditional markets. Nestlà © made its second venture outside the food industry by acquiring Alcon Laboratories Inc. 1981 -1996 Nestlà © divested a number of businesses1980 / 1984. In 1984, Nestlà ©'s improved bottom line allowed the Company to launch a new round of acquisitions, the most important being American food giant Carnation. The joint venture between Milkpak Ltd. And Nestle S.A. came about in 1988 and the company was renamed as Nestle Milkpak Ltd. Prior to that, Milkpak Ltd., produced UHT milk, butter, cream, desi ghee and fruit drinks at Sheikhupura factory. 21 branded product lines were added during 1990 to 1998. Nestle Milkpak operates the largest and an extremely efficient milk collection system in the country, which enables it to collect the

stealing :: essays research papers

Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition This document provides complementary or late-breaking information to supplement the Microsoft(R) Windows(R) Millennium Edition (Windows Me) documentation. HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT To view Display.txt on-screen in Notepad, maximize the Notepad window. To print Display.txt, open it in Notepad or another word processor, and then on the File menu, click Print. -------- CONTENTS -------- WINDOWS UPDATE WINDOWS 95 UPGRADES WINDOWS 95 DRIVERS CONVERTED TO VGA ADAPTER TYPE MONITOR TYPE REFRESH RATES DISPLAY PROBLEMS DYNAMIC COLOR CHANGE ANIMATED CURSORS IRQ CONFLICTS WITH PCI DISPLAY ADAPTERS MULTIPLE DISPLAY SUPPORT =============== WINDOWS UPDATE =============== Microsoft regularly makes updated drivers available on the Internet through Windows Update. Windows Me also includes additional drivers in the Drivers directory on the Windows Me CD. To obtain additional or updated drivers, carry out the following steps: If you have an Internet connection: 1. Click Start, and then click Windows Update. 2. Follow the instructions on your screen. If you do not have an Internet connection: 1. Click Start, and then click Help. 2. In Windows Help, click the Index tab. 3. Type "Download Library", and then press Display. 4. Follow the instructions on your screen. Microsoft updates the Windows Driver Library on the Internet regularly with the newest drivers from third-party manufacturers. Microsoft tests these drivers for compatibility and then makes them available for download. Windows Update makes these drivers available automatically by detecting the hardware on your system and offering you only those drivers that are compatible with your system. =================== WINDOWS 95 UPGRADES =================== Windows Me upgrades all Microsoft-provided drivers from Windows 95 and DirectX releases. Windows Me also upgrades certain third- party Windows 95 drivers that might experience problems running in Windows Me. If your display card or system included display-specific utilities (for example, extra Display properties in Control Panel, refresh rate utilities, or color matching utilities), an upgrade to the provided Windows Me driver may cause the utilities not to work correctly. If Windows Me upgrades your display driver and your display-specific utilities are not working correctly, this is because the existing third-party Windows 95 driver is not compatible with Windows Me. Third-party display drivers and utilities are often very interdependent, so that if you remove one piece, you will break the other. The display drivers included with Windows Me are intended to be generic drivers that provide stable support for standard Windows APIs and features. Because each driver must support a number of different configurations, it is impossible to support every utility with one driver. Some features that formerly were included in third-party utilities have been integrated into Windows. If you still want the extra features

Jonhson Matthey case study analysis teacher guide Essay

Suggested resources & activities related to PEST analysis and Johnson Matthey Full Johnson Matthey case study MP3 of the Johnson Matthey case study External influences PowerPoint Johnson Matthey crossword Johnson Matthey word search Suggested timings for the session 10 mins 5 mins 5 mins 10 mins 20 mins 10 mins Starter e.g. Johnson Matthey crossword Use the external influences PowerPoint to discuss the topic Read the case study Questions Task – mind map What have you learned? Answers to questions 1. What does PEST stand for? PEST stands for: †¢ Political (includes legal) †¢ Economic †¢ Social (includes environmental) †¢ Technological 2. Describe what is meant by the ‘external business environment’. The external environment refers to those things outside of the operations of an organisation which impact upon it but over which the business has no control. 3. Analyse why PEST analysis is used by firms. PEST analysis is used by firms to assess the external business environment in which they operate. Managers and directors can then make decisions on their findings. PEST analysis therefore will inform any new objectives being set and the marketing strategy for the firm. 4. Evaluate the impact that the 2008 banking crisis had on Johnson Matthey. The 2008 banking crisis which lead to the recession: †¢ Meant a fall in demand for its products †¢ Increased efficiency within the company -reducing the use of natural resources and decrease waste through lean production techniques. †¢ Efficiencies made the company more sustainable – saving the company money whilst at the same time conserving the planet’s valuable natural resources. What have you learned? Expected learning is likely to include: †¢ Definition of the external business environment †¢ PEST factors †¢ Use of PEST analysis to develop marketing strategy †¢ How firms respond to external factors †¢ Examples of these factors

Bottled Water and Its Industry

Bottled Water and Its Industry Bottled water is a big business. Since the 1970s the market for bottled water has boomed around the world. Even soft-drink companies like Pepsi and Coca-Cola have dipped their hands into this successful product. According to Beverage Marketing Corp, New York City, Americans now consume more bottled water than milk, coffee, beer, or any other drink (Fishman) Consumers’ thirst for the beverage is fueled by many factors, one of the largest reasons being an increased interest in a healthy lifestyle.As a result, the bottled water market increased by an average of 9% annually between 1999 and 2004 (Spinner, 2006) The global rate of consumption more than quadrupled between 1990 and 2005 (Li, 2007) People in the United States buy more than half a billion bottles of water a week; that is enough to circle the earth more than 5 times (Leonard). How can we explain this trend and what are the consequences for producers, consumers, and the environment? Bottled water consumption reflects a certain way of life. In many cases, bottled water is an alternative to tap water.Consumers think it tastes better than tap water and they perceive it as being safer and of better quality. Bottled water is perceived as pure and harmless, although it is not necessarily the case. Consumers care for their health and their well-being and bottled water happens to be a quick, easy, and healthy alternative to other bottled beverages. The history of bottled water comes back to how the economy works. If companies want to keep growing they have to keep selling more and more stuff. In the 1970s giant soft drink companies got worried when they saw their growth projections starting to level off (Leonard).This was most likely because one person can only drink so much soda and sooner or later people were going to realized that soda is not healthy and they will convert back to drinking tap water. So at the end of the 1970s companies found their next big thing in a Frenc h product, Perrier. This was water sold in glass bottles and became the newest fad. It wasn’t until 1989 when they started manufacturing bottled water in plastic containers (Tapped, 2009). But how do you get people to keep spending two-thousand times more on a product that they can get out of their kitchen sink?Companies needed to find an effective way to keep people interested in their product, so they start using manufactured demand, or advertising. They started scaring people away from drinking tap water, telling them it was no good. Susan Wellington, president of the Quaker Oats Company’s United States beverage division said, â€Å"When we’re done, tap water will be relegated to showers and washing dishes† (Gleick, 2010) Their next technique was to hide the reality of bottled water behind pure fantasy. They market it as being convenient and personal, which caters to our desires as a human.Producers know that we love having something that is all ours a nd in close reach whenever we want it. They seduced us with images of mountains, streams, and pristine nature, but in reality one-third of bottled water in the United States comes from the tap. Pepsi and Coca-Cola are just two of many brands that are merely tap water. There is much debate on whether bottled water is better or worse than tap water. Obviously there are places around the world, and even the United States that do not have access to clean drinking water, so yes, in these places bottled water is the better choice.But in the places where most bottled water is purchased, tap water is equally comparable, if not better, than bottled water. In 2006 Fiji built an ad campaign around not drinking city tap water. They chose the city of Cleveland, Ohio and printed full page ads in magazines that read â€Å"The label says Fiji because it’s not bottled in Cleveland†(Gleick, 2010) Obviously the city of Cleveland was not pleased and conducted a blind test comparing Fiji w ater to their city’s tap water. The test showed that a glass of Fiji water is lower quality and loses the taste test against Cleveland’s tap water.Five percent of the bottled water purchased in Cleveland fell within the required fluoride range recommended by the state, compared with 100% of the tap water samples (Duncan, 2010) Also, a bottle of Fiji costs thousands of times more than the same about of tap water. Tap water being chosen blindly over bottled water seems to be the common trend (Wilk, 2006) Bottled water is actually less regulated than tap water. City municipals must perform multiple tests a day on the city’s water source, whereas bottled water industries are not bound under these same laws.Clearly taste is not the central motivation behind the continuing increase in the bottled water trade (Li, 2007) In March 1999, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) released a report called â€Å"Bottled Water, Pure Drink or Pure Hype? † NRDC's repo rt points out that as much as 40% of all bottled water comes from a city water system, just like tap water. The report also focuses on the fact that 60% to 70% of all bottled water sold in the United States is exempt from the FDA's bottled water standards, because the federal standards do not apply to water bottled and sold within the same state.Unless the water is transported across state lines, there are no federal regulations that govern its quality. According to the NRDC, â€Å"Bottled water companies have used this loophole to avoid complying with basic health standards, such as those that apply to municipally treated tap water. † Also, all carbonated or sparkling waters are completely exempt from FDA guidelines that set specific contamination limits. According to the NRDC study, â€Å"Even when bottled waters are covered by the FDA's specific bottled water standards, those rules are weaker in many ways than EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] rules that apply to big- city tap water. For instance, if we compare EPA regulations for tap water to the FDA's bottled water rules (these examples are quotes from the NRDC report): †¢City tap water can have no confirmed E. coli or fecal coliform bacteria. FDA bottled water rules include no such prohibition (a certain amount of any type of coliform bacteria is allowed in bottled water). †¢City tap water, from surface water, must be filtered and disinfected. In contrast, there are no federal filtration or disinfection requirements for bottled water. Most cities using surface water have had to test for Cryptosporidium or Giardia, two common water pathogens that can cause diarrhea and other intestinal problems, yet bottled water companies do not have to do this. †¢City tap water must meet standards for certain important toxic or cancer-causing chemicals, such as phthalate (a chemical that can leach from plastic, including plastic bottles); some in the industry persuaded the FDA to exempt bottled water from the regulations regarding these chemicals. City water systems must issue annual â€Å"right to know† reports, telling consumers what is in their water. Bottlers successfully killed a â€Å"right to know† requirement for bottled water †¢The Natural Resources Defense Council report concluded: â€Å"Therefore, while much tap water is indeed risky, having compared available data, we conclude that there is no assurance that bottled water is any safer than tap water. † Often, enforcement and monitoring of water quality is uneven and irregular for both tap water and bottled water.While tap water contamination incidents must be reported promptly to the public, the same is not true for bottled water. While contamination of bottled water does occur, many instances have never received public notice until recently (Gleick, 2010). Aside from the excessive spending of consumers on bottled water, there are also many health effects inadvertently caused by the b ottled water industry, one of these problems being tooth decay. Since the 1950s, the United States has been involved in a public health program called ‘community water fluoridation’(1800 Dentist).Many communities throughout the nation added fluoride to their water supply, and the result was a significant decrease in the number of childhood cavities (Xiang, 2010) Bottling companies use processes such as reverse osmosis or distillation to remove impurities from the water, which also removes the fluoride (Lalumandier,2009). Fluoride, or lack thereof, in your water may not seem like much of a reason to worry about whether or not you should drink tap water versus bottled water, but this is not the only risk for consumers.According to a 1999 NRDC study in which approximately 22% of brands were tested, at least one sample of bottled drinking water contained chemical contaminants at levels above state health limits. Some of the contaminants found in the study could pose health risks, such as cancer, if consumed over a long period of time (NRDC) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, or PETE) is a chemical found in the plastic used to make water bottles. A 2009 study by reasearchers form Goethe University in Germany suggest that PET bottles may contain hormone-disrupting chemicals that are detrimental to human health.Some compounds in PET may seep out from these bottles and can possibly cause cancer. This typically occurs when the water is exposed to either cold or hot temperatures (Ferrier, 2001) Another chemical found in the plastic used to make water bottles is bisphenol-a (BPA). This has multiple health effects, including cancer and reproduction problems in women of child bearing age, as well as in babies (Ferrier, 2001, and Tapped). Producers and consumers are not the only components affected by the bottled water industry. Probably the most effected element is our environment.From diminishing fresh water sources, to wildlife, to pollution, our environment i s suffering immensely from production and disposal of bottled water. In a recent full page ad, Nestle said, â€Å"Bottled water is the most environmentally responsible consumer product in the world. † (Nestle Waters). How can this be true when these industries are trashing the environment all along the products life cycle. This is not environmentally responsible. The problems start with extraction and production where oil is used to make water bottles. PET is derived from crude oil.One kilogram of PET requires two kilograms of oil and produces three kilograms of CO2. Making bottles to meet consumer demands for bottled water requires more than 1. 5 million barrels of oil a year (Arnold, 2006 and Ferrier, 2001). That is enough oil to fuel 100,000 cars each year. With all that energy used to make the bottle, even more energy is used to ship it around the planet and once it reaches us we drink it in about two minutes. That brings us to the problem at the other end of the life cyc le. What happens to all the bottles when we are done with them?Eighty percent of empty bottles end up in landfills where they will sit for thousands of years before decomposing. Many end up in incinerators where they are burned releasing toxic pollution into the atmosphere. The rest is recycled. But what happens to the recycled bottles? In a perfect world each bottle would be recycled and remade into another water bottle. Instead the plastic goes through a downcycling process, which turns the material into lower grade plastics which is used to produce tons of other products, wasting much of the scrap and discarding it in another country’s backyard and/or into the ocean (Tapped, 2009).There is a garbage patch twice the size of Texas in the North Pacific Ocean. The garbage patch occupies a relatively stationary region of the North Pacific. The rotational pattern of the current draws in waste material from across the North Pacific, including costal waters off North America and J apan. As material is captured in the currents it remains trapped inside this region of ocean. One hundred million marine mammals and turtles in the North Pacific are killed every year by plastic in the ocean. 70-100% of North Pacific sea birds are affected by eating plastic. Plastic is killing the ocean and it is poisoning the fish we eat.Because the fish we eat have likely ingested contaminated plastic, it is virtually impossible for nature to produce organic fish in the ocean. Pepsi’s vice chairman publicly said, â€Å"The biggest enemy is tap water. † They want us to think it is dirty and that bottled water is the best alternative. In many places public water is polluted. Thanks to polluting industries, one of the major contributors being the bottled water industry. Drinking bottled water has become a trivial habit in many people’s everyday lives. Bad tap water taste or quality, fitness goals, and other numerous reasons lead consumer to buy bottled water.Bott led water may even be necessary, for instance in case of temporary tap water contamination. This flourishing market is profitable for many companies and provides a great number of jobs to people around the world. Bottled water quality is generally good, although it can suffer from the same contamination hazards as tap water and also contains hazardous compounds in the bottle itself. Some solutions to make sure bottled water quality is as good as it claims could include things like, companies releasing their quality tests on a day-to-day basis and make them available to the community.It should also be required by all companies to include information about where the water came from, or how it was filtered, on the label. The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) is beginning to â€Å"go green†. Nestle, for instance, will use 30% lighter plastic bottles and 30% smaller labels, as well as eco-shaped bottles. Their bottles will be 100% recyclable, and when building product ion plants they will make sure the building is green-building certified.Another step they are taking is looking into hybrid vehicles for distribution of their product (Nestle Waters, 2011). This seems like Nestle is taking the right steps to improve production and use resources in a manner that will help improve, or at least maintain, our environment, but I cannot help but wonder if this is one of their marketing tools. Sure, they are producing in a more environmentally friendly way, but is this one of their ways of â€Å"tricking† us into buying their product and steering us away from their non-green competitors?When buying their product we are still contributing to this market. Bottled water is not all bad. It has many positive uses. Bottled water is an absolute critical lifesaver in many natural disasters. Bottled water has a substantial shelf life. This is especially valuable for emergency preparation, but also for many other purposes. Also, bottled water is a nearly idea l consumer product: it is healthy, non-addictive, hypoallergenic, caffeine-free, calorie free, and contains no artificial colors, flavors, trans fats, etc. Fager, 2009) Some things we could do to reduce the environmental impact of bottled water are to re-use bottles of water rather than recycling them to be re-manufactured, or buy a reusable, BPA free, water bottle. A more aggressive approach would be to lobby with city and state officials for more drinking fountains around your city, or towards the boycott of bottled water in your public schools and work places. These are just a few steps to start protecting our wallets, our health, and our planet.

Psychoanalysis on Great Gatsby Essay

The unconscious is important in determining behaviour. A lot of desires, motivations & conflicts are below the level of consciousness. People are driven by: animalistic, instinctual urges, especially lust and aggression Tom choices in his life prove that he’s is driven by lust & aggression& like an animal on cares for his survival. Gatsby is a bootlegger because he was unhappy about his past about being lower class, & wants daisy back, which drives him to become wealthy. Daisy is unconscious that the way tom treats her makes her think women are fools, she starts to thing thinks she’s nothing of herself & allows tom to cheat on her Structure of Mind: separate motivations: Id (irrational and emotional part of the mind); the Ego (rational part); Superego (the moral part). Gatsby is driven by his desire for Daisy on the id level, reinvents his image to a â€Å"big shot† on the ego level develops a conflicting personality on the super-ego level, moral and immoral at the same time. Nick is mainly acting as Gatsby’s super-ego giving judgments and warnings to him; he also ends his relationship back home before starting a new one with Jordan. Tom is on the id level, cheating on daisy, punches myrtle, and he’s racist and sexist. Daisy is on the id level, she’s only cares about money, and allows Gatsby to take the blame for her killing Myrtle. Defence Mechanisms: life is essentially too painful for the human being to endure consciously, much of the pain and conflict is diverted via defence mechanisms and kept within the unconscious. Denial: Gatsby is unable to see his affair with daisy for what it really is, he also represses his past & creates jay. George refuses to believe his wife is having an affair. Daisy tells tom she’s loves Gatsby, but tom acts like she didn’t say anything important. Fear of intimacy: Every character goes through great measures to avoid being in a deep relationship Example: Gatsby goes after daisy although he knows he could probably never have her as she’s married, and is in a higher class than him. Family relationships: Oedipal fixation/ complex Gatsby sees daisy as the women his mother never was; rich, luxurious, graceful, etc. Tom and daisy were likely very distant from their parents, which could be the reason why are emotionally detached from Pammy and as well as never mention her until later on in the book. Psychic determinism; everything that happens is for a specific identifiable reason. Myrtles’ death: Myrtles’ death is caused by Daisy’s carelessness who drive drunk, as well as her own for running out to the middle of the road when cars are driving Gatsby’s death: Gatsby dies because of carelessness, toms is careless and lies about the affair and since George is careless also he does not find out for sure if Gatsby was the one who actually had the affair he murders him. But it was also Gatsby’s carelessness of allowing daisy to drive drunk in his car and taking the blame for hitting myrtle is a factor in his death. â€Å"They were careless people, Tom and Daisy- they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made. †- Nick Carraway

Appropriate Needs Assessment For a Social Intervention Program

In the pre-planning stages of any social intervention project, a basic needs assessment of the target group or population should be conducted first to determine priority areas for intervention and draw up benchmark data and indicators for reference during planning, implementation, monitoring and post-implementation phases. Furthermore, according to Acosta et. al, â€Å"Conducting needs assessment research is a rational way to examine the effectiveness of social programs† (Acosta, 343). A needs assessment basically consists of several benchmark data gathering activities that would require collection of primary and secondary data and other forms of data gathering, like focused group discussions.   Some even require several or multi-level studies to come up with the benchmark results, like that of an assessment process conducted in the State of Pennsylvania. To quote: â€Å"The process was designed to use a seven-step procedure incorporating qualitative and quantitative data collection strategies† (Daly, 95).   Hence, depending on the needs and scope of an intended intervention, strategies for benchmark data gathering in establishing needs assessment output should be pre-designed. A needs assessment usually focus on a group of people or population in a given environment.   For example, the needs assessment from Pennsylvania stated focused on â€Å"Individuals with developmental disabilities who present challenging behaviors create significant issues for families and service delivery systems that provide support† (Daly, 95). How does one go about specifying the extent of a problem? The results of a needs assessment study identifies several opportunities for addressing the problem and gives an insight on how best to attack or implement the program to address the conflict or problem in a given population group in a specified environment.   There are strategies and methodologies by which the problems or needs for social intervention can be identified and addressed.   One such approach is the SWOT Analysis or the identification of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats present in the environment and in profiling all the stakeholders affected in the proposed or planned social intervention program. Elaborate on the difficulties associated with defining and identifying the targets of interventions. How might we describe the target populations of social interventions? Not one social intervention program can boast of a 100% foolproof plan that will ensure a definitive path for success or capture and identify for sure the appropriate beneficiaries of a social intervention project.   In every intended project, it has been a lesson in the past that planning should be bottom up and not the other way around.   Instead of a project identified and a benchmark study scheduled just to fit into the â€Å"prerequisite† for approval of the intervention program, the process should be reversed. One frequent mistake adapted by governments or non-profit organizations, in identifying target populations for a social intervention program. is having a â€Å"ready made program† and trying to find a beneficiary for the identified program.   The environment and community setting plus other nuances other than a pre-targeted population should be considered first, and then the intervention program, later to be identified in an appropriately processed needs assessment.   Otherwise, if the social intervention program has already been prescribed even before consulting what the target population needs and what the community or environmental setting dictates, then the intervention program has already failed even before it has begun. Works Cited: Acosta, O., and Toro, P. (2000). Let's Ask the Homeless People Themselves: A Needs Assessment Based on a Probability Sample of Adults. American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 28, 343. Daly, D., Kvarfordt, C., Malatchi, A., Shannon, P., Yoder, T. (2001).   Capacity for Statewide Implementation of Positive Behavior Supports: A Needs Assessment Strategy. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, Vol. 3, 95.   

An Escape

An ascent through a long narrow corridor of pines, tiny fox prints underneath my own, an abandoned campsite with a forgotten soda can sitting on a picnic table. Fierce orange leaves scattered amongst fallen berries floating down the stream to my right. A reprieve for my muscles provided by the flat, open field inhabited by my moose friend. For a few precious strides our feet hit the ground simultaneously as we travel parallel to each other—together and apart. She soon darts off, leaving me with a raised spirit embodied in a bittersweet half-smile. The geese above me watch awhile, but they too have better places to be. They honk staggered farewells as they fly south. On my own again, ascending, slipping, sliding, I forge through thick mud. Behind me I catch a glimpse of footprints I leave through a curtain of blonde ponytail. They don’t look quite like I thought they would; they’re much smaller. Nostalgia seizes me. I recall months ago, when someone juxtaposed my stride with the stride of a doe, springy and lithe. The sudden flapping of a grouse’s wings yanks me back, and my pulse quickens as I pinpoint where it came from. I laugh and keep pushing upwards, until trail intersects dirt road. My legs anticipate the descent, and I quicken my pace until the brush that crowds the sides of the road blurs into an audience, their branches skimming my shoulders like miniature pats on the back. When I reach the crest of the hill, I stop for a moment to catch my breath, only to lose it again at the wonder of my surroundings. On my right a crescent moon rises over a harvested field, and to my left the brilliant setting sun forces me to squint and shield my eyes. Caught amid the transition of night and day, my head bobs back and forth between the two as their silent battle for ownership of the sky continues. My feet start to move again, and I catch a glimpse of the waning sun in the side mirror of a dusty ’64 Impala parked on the side of the road. I am only racing the moon now. And race I do, for as the rose-colored sky surrenders to a deep eggplant peppered with stars, the residual warmth from the sun falls to the night’s chill. The city lights below wink at me as I descend and scraggly bushes morph into mailboxes. Eventually, tall birches are replaced by homes and childrens’ boot prints overtake raccoon tracks. The evening news is going unwatched in the living room of one house; a family is gathered around a dinner table at another. The headlights of a car cause me to slow my stride and shield my eyes as I reach the bottom of the hill and trot a few hundred yards on the sidewalk to my home. The porch light greets me and I linger under its glow awhile. My chest heaves and sweat begins to tickle the back of my neck as I turn and glance back to the trail, now shrouded in darkness. I open the door and my retriever waits for me, her tail hitting the wall like a metronome. She tells me with her amber eyes that I have been gone for too long.

Masonry Brick Production Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Masonry Brick Production - Term Paper Example However, scientific improvements have made modern brick plants substantially more competent and have enhanced the overall value of the products. A more comprehensive acquaintance of raw materials and their characteristics, improved control of firing, enhanced kiln designs and more sophisticated mechanization have contributed to advancing the brick production. Brick is produce from clay or shale moulded, dried and fired into a sturdy ceramic creation (Demir & Orhan, 2003). Brick producers handle sustainability by situating manufacturing plants near clay sources to decrease shipping, by recycling of procedure waste, by recovering excavation site where mining has happened, and by practising measures to minimise plant emissions. Most brick are utilized within five hundred miles of a brick production facility. The report provides essential information for understanding masonry demands and requirements (Kermeli, Worrell & Masanet, 2011). Diesel or another type of fuel is appropriate to provide power for crushers, while electricity is essential during this stage to guarantee smooth operation of conveyors. Energy is a fundamental resource in almost every industry, since it drives different functions or production processes. Without energy, these procedures would breakdown, rendering a manufacturing unproductive and incapable of attaining production capacities (Kreh, 2003). Masonry Brick Production uses contemporary kiln cars that run through dryers, powered either by thermal energy or electrical energy source, derived from combusting coal or appropriate fossil fuels (Kreh, 2003). Most of the water in the material mixture is dispersed in drying compartments at a temperature varying from 400C to 2000C. The other energy demanding step in brick production is firing. Just like in other stages, thermal and electrical energy is essential to fire the kilns to temperatures ranging from 10000C to 12000C, based on

Careers in Finance Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Careers in Finance Project - Essay Example k is issued by a client company, the investment banking company may take financial liability or underwrite the stock, while the investment banker looks for buyers of the shares. They can also manage the client companies’ investments (StateUniversity.com 1). Education requirement is a master’s degree in business administration (MBA). Liberal arts graduates can also be hired and trained to become analysts. However, if these trainees plan to continue in the field, they must purse a graduate degree in business. A number of investments bankers shift from other related fields such as banking, law or finance. For those interested in investment banking, the number of job opportunities basically grows with the economy. The competition is intense among the job applicants who want to work in the investment bank firms; the investment banks are very few. A company may hire less than 25 workers from a field of more than 1000 applicants (StateUniversity.com 1). Investment bankers can earn up to $100,000 annually for the first few years. However, the entry level salary for an individual with a bachelor’s degree was $45,000 yearly in 2005. On the other hand, an individual with an MBA earned $85,000 annually in 2005. The entry level investment bankers usually get huge year-end bonuses amounting to $10,000 or more. Benefits include medical insurances and paid vacations and holidays (StateUniversity.com 1). The main role of a risk analyst is to offer advice about risk based on good practice and technical knowledge. The work involves; assessing and collating risk information on site, collecting photographic evidence and utilizing templates to record assessments, formulating and proofreading detailed reports, and liaising with other professionals such as brokers, inspectors of health, safety and fire officers, client representatives and underwriters (totaljobs.com 1). For a general insurance risk surveying, any HND subject or degree is acceptable. However, chances are high

Role of Auditor in Public Sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Role of Auditor in Public Sector - Essay Example It can exist in the form of direct administration through tax systems; it can also be represented by publicly owned enterprises, which have more commercial freedom. Nowadays the role of audit and audit committees in public sector plays greater and greater role. Audit is the check of accountant documentation to prove its authenticity. But in more general sense audit is just a check of any phenomenon or activity by an independent expert, who is called auditor. Speaking about the statutory role of auditor in the public sector it should be said that there is an ethic codex for the auditors in public sector. And here we will refer to this codex as the brightest statutory document which singles out the main features of auditors in public sector. An ethic codex is a detailed official list of values and principles which auditors should use as ruling in their activity. There are high demands towards auditors in public sector. The behavior of an auditor must always remain above any suspicion. The wrong behavior presents all auditors in the disadvantageous light. Honesty is the basic demand of the ethic codex. Auditors must keep to the high and worthy standards of behavior in the process of work and their relations with the checking organizations. Auditors are also to support the public trust. There are recommendations as for using auditors in checking any enterprises of public sector. And any government body should choose an audit organization to maintain and fulfill the financial oversight. The system of financial control and reporting can be increased and strengthened through using an effective audit. This can also make the audit process more integral. According to Mayhew, 'auditor is an integral part of public accountability and governance. He plays a crucial role in making all financial processes and documentation integral, and also directing the system of internal control and the control of employee management.' (Mayhew, 2001) The role of an auditor depends on the size, sphere and kind of activity of the specific establishment. The main functions of the auditor in the public sector are: approving the general audit scope, financial planning, performing audit in a cost-effective manner. Risk management is also another function of the auditor. There are the three main features which should be peculiar of the auditor in order to fulfill the necessary functions in the public sector. The first of them is independence. In the public sector, the structure of entities does not separate the governing authority and oversight responsibility from the day-to-day management. For example, a public university president may be both the chief executive officer and a board member. (Hollingsworth, 1999) The auditor must be independent, and he must provide the necessary processes for supporting this independence. He is an independent expert, first of all. Communication is another trait of auditor. He must be capable